Lamiaa Abdallah Ahmed Elrefaei|Publications

Benha University

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Prof. Lamiaa Abdallah Ahmed Elrefaei :: Publications:

Research Fields

Electrical Engineering

Number of publications is 80

Title

1-G. M. Youssef, R. A. Alnanih, L. A. Elrefaei and E. A. Abdel-Ghaffar, "An Autoencoder-Based Deep Compression Framework for LiDAR Data in LAS Format," in IEEE Access, vol. 13, pp. 205697-205713, 2025, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3639511

2-Alnanih, R.; Elrefaei, L.; Al-Ahwal, A. Advancing Sustainability Through an IoT-Driven Smart Waste Management System with Software Engineering Integration. Sustainability 2025, 17, 9803. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219803

3-Gehad M Yossef, Lamiaa Elrefaei, Eman Abdel-Ghaffar, "A Comprehensive Survey on LiDAR Data Compression Techniques", Engineering Research Journal (Shoubra), In Press, DOI: 10.21608/erjsh.2025.413637.1447

4-Hatem Taha, Lamia Alrefaai, Haitham Akah, Maher Salem, "Efficient Image Compression Technique for Low Bit Rate Requirements", Fayoum University Journal of Engineering, 8(2), P 1:11

5-Althobaiti, N.; Moria, K.; Elrefaei, L.; Alghamdi, J.; Tayeb, H. Construction of a Structurally Unbiased Brain Template with High Image Quality from MRI Scans of Saudi Adult Females. Bioengineering 2025, 12, 722. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12070722

6-Yosry, S., Elrefaei, L., ElKamaar, R. et al. Temporal Attention-based Vision Transformer for Source-Free Video Unsupervised Domain Adaptation. Discov Appl Sci 7, 689 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-025-06909-2

7-HB Kamal, L Elrefaei, E Abdel-Ghaffar, "An Explainable model for diagnosing different grades of Brain Tumor", Engineering Research Journal (Shoubra), 2025

8-N. Ibrahim, L. Elrefaei and E. A. Abdel-Ghaffar, "An interpretable model for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease using deep learning and machine learning," 2025 15th International Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEENG), Cairo, Egypt, 2025, pp. 1-8, doi: 10.1109/ICEENG64546.2025.11031257.

9-S. M. Kamel, M. A. Fadel, L. Elrefaei, and S. I. Hassan, “Performance vs. Complexity Comparative Analysis of Multimodal Bilinear Pooling Fusion Approaches for Deep Learning-Based Visual Arabic-Question Answering Systems,” Comput. Model. Eng. Sci., vol. 143, no. 1, pp. 373–411, 2025. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmes.2025.062837

10-Hasan, Khaled; Harb, Hussien; Elrefaei, Lamiaa A.; and Abdel-Kader, Hala M. (2025) "Multi-channel Features Combined with Gray Features for Remote Sensing Image Classification," Mansoura Engineering Journal: Vol. 49 : Iss. 5 , Article 17. Available at: https://doi.org/10.58491/2735-4202.3244

11-S. Alwadaie, . A. Jamal, S. Alkhuraij, and L. Elrefaei, “Optimizing Federated Learning for Medical Image classification: A Comparative Study of Pre-Trained Models on Compressed X-ray Imager”, CITS, vol. 13, no. 2, Dec. 2024.

12-Habeb, Mohamed H.; Salama, May A.; and Elrefaei, Lamiaa A. (2024) "Video Anomaly Detection using Residual Autoencoder: A Lightweight Framework," Mansoura Engineering Journal: Vol. 49 : Iss. 2 , Article 10.

13-Younis O, Jambi K, Eassa F, Elrefaei L. A Proposal for a Tokenized Intelligent System: A Prediction for an AI-Based Scheduling, Secured Using Blockchain. Systems. 2024; 12(3):84. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12030084

14-Yosry, S., Elrefaei, L., ElKamaar, R. et al. Various frameworks for integrating image and video streams for spatiotemporal information learning employing 2D–3D residual networks for human action recognition. Discov Appl Sci 6, 141 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-024-05774-9

15-Habeb, M.H.; Salama, M.; Elrefaei, L.A. Enhancing Video Anomaly Detection Using a Transformer Spatiotemporal Attention Unsupervised Framework for Large Datasets. Algorithms 2024, 17, 286. https://doi.org/10.3390/a17070286

16-Fatma A. Mostafa,Lamiaa A. Elrefaei,Mostafa M. Fouda,Aya Hossam, "ENHANCING DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY WITH ENSEMBLE TECHNIQUES: DETECTING COVID-19 AND PNEUMONIA ON CHEST X-RAY IMAGES", Jordanian Journal of Computers and Information Technology (JJCIT) ,In Press, , pp. 428 - 442, , doi: 10.5455/jjcit.71-1716799666.

17-R. Alnanih and L. Elrefaei, "Interactive Learning Tool for System of Linear Equations: Bridging the Gap Between Novice and Expert Through MATLAB-Based Solutions," in IEEE Access, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3510465.

18-M. H. Habeb, M. Salama and L. A. Elrefaei, "An Attention-Based Unsupervised Framework for Video Anomaly Detection in Large Heterogeneous Environments," 2024 International Mobile, Intelligent, and Ubiquitous Computing Conference (MIUCC), Cairo, Egypt, 2024, pp. 113-120, doi: 10.1109/MIUCC62295.2024.10783549.

19-Muna O. AlMasawa, Kawthar Moria, Lamiaa A. Elrefaei (2023) Toward Long-Term Person Re-identification with Deep Learning. In: Intelligent Image and Video Analytics. CRC Press. DOI: 10.1201/9781003053262-2

20-Hassan, S. I., Elrefaei, L., & Andraws, M. (2023). Arabic Tweets Spam Detection Based on Various Supervised Machine Learning and Deep Learning Classifiers. MSA Engineering Journal, 2(2), 1099-1119. doi: 10.21608/msaeng.2023.291931

21-kamel, S.M., Hassan, S.I. & Elrefaei, L. VAQA: Visual Arabic Question Answering. Arab J Sci Eng (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-023-07687-y

22-Azouz, R., Mosleh Eid, E., Elrefaei, L., & TagElDien, H. A. (2023). Comparison of different strategies for Time and Energy Efficient Offloading for Mobile Edge Computing. Engineering Research Journal - Faculty of Engineering (Shoubra), 52(2), 51-63. doi: 10.21608/erjsh.2023.187176.1128

23-Fatma A. Mostafa, Lamiaa A. Elrefaei, Mostafa M. Fouda And Aya Hossam, “Diagnosis of Lung Diseases from Chest X-Ray Images Using Different Fusion Techniques”, in the 11th International Conference on Information and Communication Technology ((ICoICT2023)), August 23-24, 2023, Melaka, Malaysia. DOI: 10.1109/ICoICT58202.2023.10262761

24-YUN, RACHEL; SALAMA, MAY; and ELREFAEI, LAMIAA (2023) "An exploratory study on the effect of applying various artificial neural networks to the classification of lower limb injury," Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences: Vol. 31: No. 2, Article 14. https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-0632.3994

25-Mostafa, Fatma A., Lamiaa A. Elrefaei, Mostafa M. Fouda, and Aya Hossam. 2022. "A Survey on AI Techniques for Thoracic Diseases Diagnosis Using Medical Images" Diagnostics 12, no. 12: 3034. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12123034

26-Khayyat, M.M., Elrefaei, L.A. Deep reinforcement learning approach for manuscripts image classification and retrieval. Multimed Tools Appl (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-12572-1

27-Khayyat, M. M., Elrefaei, L. A., Khayyat, M. M. (2022). Historical Arabic Images Classification and Retrieval Using Siamese Deep Learning Model. CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, 72(1), 2109–2125.

28-Bajaber, A.; Elrefaei, L. Biometric Template Protection for Dynamic Touch Gestures Based on Fuzzy Commitment Scheme and Deep Learning. Mathematics 2022, 10, 362. https://doi.org/10.3390/math10030362

29-Bajaber, A., Fadel, M., Elrefaei, L. (2022). Evaluation of Deep Learning Models for Person Authentication Based on Touch Gesture. Computer Systems Science and Engineering, 42(2), 465–481.

30-Nadia H. Alsulami, Amani T. Jamal, and Lamiaa Elrefaei, "Deep Learning-Based Approach for Arabic Visual Speech Recognition", Computers, Materials & Continua, vol: 71, No.1, pp. 85-108, 2022. doi:10.32604/cmc.2022.019450

31-Ahad Alloqmani, Omimah Alsaedi, Nadia Bahatheg, Reem Alnanih, and Lamiaa Elrefaei, "Design Principles-Based Interactive Learning Tool for Solving Nonlinear Equations", Computer Systems Science & Engineering, vol: 40, No.3, pp. 1023-1042, 2022. doi:10.32604/csse.2022.019704

Abstract' | Full paper

32-Eythar Alghamdi, Aseel Alsaedi, Sarah Alsubhi, Reem Alnanih, Lamia Elrefaei, "The Effect of User Experience on Designing Interactive Tool: A Case Study of Learning Images Compression", International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering Research, vol: 9, No.10, pp. 1312-1320, 2021. doi:10.30534/ijeter/2021/039102021

33-Bahatheg N., Alloqmani A., Alsaedi O., Alnanih R., Elrefaei L. (2021) Interactive Learning Tool for Image Compression Using Singular Value Decomposition. In: Arai K. (eds) Advances in Information and Communication. FICC 2021. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 1364. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73103-8_67

34-Al-Kharraz M., Elrefaei L.A., Fadel M. (2021) Classifying Chromosome Images Using Ensemble Convolutional Neural Networks. In: Gao XZ., Kumar R., Srivastava S., Soni B.P. (eds) Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Engineering. Algorithms for Intelligent Systems. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4604-8_58

35-Jahlan, H.M.B., Elrefaei, L.A. Mobile Neural Architecture Search Network and Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory-Based Deep Features Toward Detecting Violence from Video. Arab J Sci Eng (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-021-05589-5

36-Soad Almabdy and Lamiaa Elrefaei, " Feature Extraction and Fusion for Face Recognition Systems using Pre-Trained Convolutional Neural Networks ", International Journal of Computing and Digital Systems (IJCDS), vol: 10, No.1, pp. 455-461, April 2021. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12785/ijcds/100144

37-Reem Bashmail, Muna Al-Kharraz, Lamiaa A. Elrefaei, Wadee Alhalabi, Mai Fadel (2021) Recognition of the Most Common Trisomies through Automated Identification of Abnormal Metaphase Chromosome Cells. In book: Explainable Artificial Intelligence for Smart Cities. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003172772-7

38-Nouf Rahimi, Fathy Eassa, Lamiaa Elrefaei, "One- and Two-Phase Software Requirement Classification Using Ensemble Deep Learning" Entropy, Vol.23, No.10, pp. 1264, September 2021, DOI: 10.3390/e23101264

39-Tahani Q. Alhassan, Shefaa S. Omar, Lamiaa A. Elrefaei, Game of Bloxorz Solving Agent Using Informed and Uninformed Search Strategies, Procedia Computer Science, Volume 163, 2019, Pages 391-399, ISSN 1877-0509, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.12.121.

40-Lamiaa A. Elrefaei, Tahani Q. Alhassan, Shefaa S. Omar, An Arabic Visual Dataset for Visual Speech Recognition, Procedia Computer Science, Volume 163, 2019, Pages 400-409, ISSN 1877-0509, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.12.122.

41-Nouf Rahimi, Fathy Eassa, Lamiaa Elrefaei, "An Ensemble Machine Learning Technique for Functional Requirement Classification" Symmetry, Vol.12, No.10, pp. 1601, September 2020, DOI: 10.3390/sym12101601

42-Soad Almabdy and Lamiaa Elrefaei, " An Overview of Deep Learning Techniques for Biometric Systems", in Book: Proceeding of Artificial Intelligence for Sustainable Development: Theory, Practice and Future Applications. Studies in Computational Intelligence 2021, vol 912. Springer, Cham, p. 127-170. DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-51920-9_8

43-Mona S Al-Kharraz, Lamiaa A. Elrefaei, and Mai A Fadel, " Automated system for chromosome karyotyping to recognize the most common numerical abnormalities using deep learning", IEEE Access, Vol.8, No.1, pp. 157727 - 157747, August 2020, DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3019937

44-Manal M. Khayyat and Lamiaa A. Elrefaei, " Manuscripts Image Retrieval Using Deep Learning Incorporating a Variety of Fusion Levels", IEEE Access, Vol.8, No.1, pp. 136460 - 136486, July 2020, DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3010882

45-Manal M. Khayyat and Lamiaa A. Elrefaei, “A Deep Learning Based Prediction of Arabic Manuscripts Handwriting Style”, The International Arab Journal of Information Technology (IAJIT), Vol 17, No 5, P.1-10, September 2020. DOI: 10.34028/iajit/17/5/3

46-Manal M. Khayyat and Lamiaa A. Elrefaei, “Towards Author Recognition of Ancient Arabic Manuscripts Using Deep Learning: A Transfer Learning Approach”, International Journal of Computing and Digital Systems (IJCDS), Vol 9, No 5, P.783-799, September 2020. DOI: 10.12785/ijcds/090502

47-Norah Abdullah Al-johani and Lamiaa A. Elrefaei, “PALMPRINT AND DORSAL HAND VEIN MULTI-MODAL BIOMETRIC FUSION USING DEEP LEARNING”, International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (IJAIML), Vol.10, No.2, 2020.

48-Arwa S. Al-Shannaq and Lamiaa A. Elrefaei, "AGE ESTIMATION USING SPECIFIC DOMAIN TRANSFER LEARNING", Jordanian Journal of Computers and Information Technology (JJCIT), vol: 6, No.2, pp. 123-140, June 2020.

49-Heyam M. Bin Jahlan, and Lamiaa A. Elrefaei, “Detecting Violence in Video Based on Deep Features Fusion Technique”, in the IIXth International Workshop on Representation, analysis and recognition of shape and motion FroM Imaging data (RFMI 2019), December 11-13, 2019, Sidi Bou Said, Tunis.

50-Reem Bashmail, Lamiaa A. Elrefaei, and Wadee Alhalabi, “Automatic Segmentation of Chromosome Cells”, In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Systems and Informatics 2018. AISI 2018. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, Vol. 845. Springer, Cham, p.654- 663. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-99010-1_60

51-Norah Abdullah Al-johani and Lamiaa A. Elrefaei, “Dorsal Hand Vein Recognition by Convolutional Neural Networks: Feature Learning and Transfer Learning Approaches”, International Journal of Intelligent Engineering and Systems, Vol.12, No.3, P.178-191, June 2019. DOI: 10.22266/ijies2019.0630.19

52-Lamiaa A. Elrefaei, Bshaer Azan, Sameera Hakami, and Safiah Melebari, “Jcave: A 3D Interactive Game to Assist Home Physiotherapy Rehabilitation”, The International Journal of Multimedia & Its Applications (IJMA), Vol.11, No.2, p.1-20, April 2019. DOI: 10.5121/ijma.2019.11201

53-Arwa S. Al-Shannaq and Lamiaa A. Elrefaei, "Comprehensive Analysis of The Literature For Age Estimation From Facial Images", IEEE Access, Vol.7, No.1, pp. 93229 - 93249, July 2019. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2927825

54-Maram G Alaslni and Lamiaa A Elrefaei, "Transfer Learning With Convolutional Neural Networks For Iris Recognition", International Journal Of Artificial Intelligence & Applications, vol: 10, No.5, pp. 49-66, September 2019. DOI: 10.5121/ijaia.2019.10505

55-Lamiaa A. Elrefaei and Ashwaq M. Al-Mohammadi, "Machine Vision Gait-Based Biometric Cryptosystem Using A Fuzzy Commitment Scheme", Journal of King Saud University-Computer and Information Sciences (Elsevier), first online 2 November 2019, DOI: 10.1016/j.jksuci.2019.10.011

56-Muna O. AlMasawa, Lamiaa A. Elrefaei, and Kawthar Moria, " A Survey on Deep Learning Based Person Re-Identification Systems", IEEE Access, Vol.7, No.1, pp. 175228-175247, December 2019, DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2957336

57-Soad Almabdy and Lamiaa Elrefaei, "Deep Convolutional Neural Network-Based Approaches for Face Recognition", Applied Sciences-Basel, vol: 9, No.20, pp. 4397, 2019. Doi:10.3390/app9204397

58-Bayan Bagasi and Lamiaa A. Elrefaei, “Arabic Manuscript Content Based Image Retrieval: A comparison between SURF and BRISK Local Features”, International Journal of Computing and Digital Systems (IJCDS), Vol 7, No 6, P.355-364, November 2018. DOI: 10.12785/ijcds/070604

59-Reem Ahmed Alotaibi and Lamiaa A. Elrefaei, “Text-image Watermarking based on Integer Wavelet Transform (IWT) and Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)”, Applied Computing and Informatics (2018), first online 23 June 2018, in press, Accepted, DOI: 10.1016/j.aci.2018.06.003

60-Lamiaa A. Elrefaei, “Smartphone Based Image Color Correction for Color blindness”, International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM), Vol. 12, No. 3, P. 104-119, 2018, DOI: 10.3991/ijim.v12i3.8160

61-Maram. G Alaslani and Lamiaa A. Elrefaei, “Convolutional Neural Network Based Feature Extraction for Iris Recognition”, International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT), Vol 10, No 2, P. 65-78, April 2018, DOI: 10.5121/ijcsit.2018.10206

Abstract' | Full paper

62-Mai A. Fadel. and Lamiaa A. Elrefaei, “Adjustments of Methodology Planning and Assessment Activities of Senior Projects in the Computer Science”, International Journal of Modern Education and Computer Science (IJMECS), Vol. 10, No. 2, P. 16-25, February 2018, DOI: 10.5815/ijmecs.2018.02.02

Abstract' | Full paper

63-Lamiaa A. Elrefaei, Doaa H. Hamid, Afnan A. Bayazed, Sara S. Bushnak, and Shaikhah Y. Maasher, “Developing Iris Recognition System for Smartphone Security”, Multimedia Tools and Applications (Springer), first online 22 August 2017, Vol. 77, No. 12, p. 14579–14603, June 2018, DOI 10.1007/s11042-017-5049-3

64-Alghamdi S.J. and Lamiaa A. Elrefaei, “Dynamic Authentication of Smart Phone Users based on Touchscreen Gestures”, The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering (AJSE), first online 4 August 2017, Vol. 43, No. 2, p. 798-810, Feb. 2018, DOI 10.1007/s13369-017-2758-x

65-Lamiaa A. Elrefaei, Alaa Alharthi, Huda Alamoudi, Shatha Almutairi, and Fatima Al-rammah, “Real-Time Face Detection and Tracking on Mobile Phones for Criminal Detection”, The 2nd International Conference on Anti-Cyber Crimes (ICACC 2017), King Khalid University, p.75- 80, March 26-27, 2017, Abha, Saudi Arabia, DOI: 10.1109/Anti-Cybercrime.2017.7905267

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66-Reem Ahmed Alotaibi and Lamiaa A. Elrefaei, “Improved Capacity Arabic Watermarking Methods based on Open Word Space”, The Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences (Elsevier), first online 11 January 2017, Vol. 30, No. 2, p. 236-248, April 2018, DOI: 10.1016/j.jksuci.2016.12.007

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67-Lamiaa A. Elrefaei, Mona Omar Al-musawa, and Norah Abdullah Al-gohany, “Development of Android Application for Object Detection Based on Color, Shape, or Local Features”, The International Journal of Multimedia & Its Applications (IJMA), Vol.9, No.1, p. 21-30, February 2017. DOI: 10.5121/ijma.2017.9103

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68-Ezdihar N. Bifari, and Lamiaa A. Elrefaei, "A Weighted Score Matching Algorithm for A Multimodal Biometric System Based on Fingerprint and Hand Geometry", Jordanian Journal of Computers and Information Technology (JJCIT), Vol. 3, No. 1, P. 1-24, April 2017, DOI: 10.5455/jjcit.71-1472524068.

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69-N. Akkari, J. M. Jornet, P. Wang, E. Fadel, L. Elrefaei, M. G. A. Malik, S. Almasri, and I. F. Akyildiz “Distributed Timely-Throughput Optimal Scheduling for the Internet of Nano-Things”, IEEE Internet of Things Journal, Vol. 3, No. 6, p. 1202-1212, Dec. 2016, DOI: 10.1109/JIOT.2016.2573679.

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70-Reem Ahmed Alotaibi and Lamiaa A. Elrefaei, “Utilizing Word Space with Pointed and Un-pointed Letters for Arabic Text Watermarking”, UKSim-AMSS 18th International Conference on Modelling & Simulation (UKSim 2016), p. 111-116, April 6-8, 2016, Cambridge University (Emmanuel College), UK, DOI: 10.1109/UKSim.2016.34.

Abstract' | Full paper

71-Alghamdi S.J. and Lamiaa A. Elrefaei, “Effect of Training Data Size on Touch Keystroke Verification with Medians Vector Proximity Classifier”, International Journal of Simulation- Systems, Science and Technology- IJSSST, Vol. 16, No. 6,2015, DOI: 10.5013/IJSSST.a.16.06.04.

72-Lamiaa A. Elrefaei, Asrar Bajaber, Sumayyah Natheir, Nada AbuSanab, and Marwa Bazi, “Automatic Electricity Meter Reading Based on Image Processing”, IEEE Jordan Conference on Applied Electrical Engineering and Computing Technologies (AEECT 2015) p. 1- 5,, November 3-5, 2015, Dead Sea, Jordan, DOI: 10.1109/AEECT.2015.7360571.

73-Reem Ahmed Alotaibi and Lamiaa A. Elrefaei, “Arabic Text Watermarking: A Review”, International Journal of Artificial Intelligence & Applications (IJAIA) Vol. 6, No. 4, p. 1-16, July 2015, DOI: 10.5121/ijaia.2015.6401

74-Alghamdi S.J. and Lamiaa A. Elrefaei, “Dynamic User Verification Using Touch Keystroke Based on Medians Vector Proximity”, 7th International Conference on Computational Intelligence, Communication Systems and Networks (CICSyN 2015). p. 121-126, June 3-5, 2015, Riga, Latvia, DOI: 10.1109/CICSyN.2015.31

75-Ezdihar N. Bifari, Lamiaa A. Elrefaei, " Automated Fingerprint Identification System Based on Weighted Feature Points Matching Algorithm", Third International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI-2014), p. 2212-2217, September 24-27, 2014, Delhi, India, DOI: 10.1109/ICACCI.2014.6968559

76-Rawan Hassoubah, Amel Aljebry, Lamiaa A. Elrefaei, "Saudi Riyal Coin Detection and Recognition", IEEE Second International Conference on Image Information Processing ICIIP, Jaypee University of Information Technology, India, p. 62-66, 9 – 11 December 2013. DOI: 10.1109/ICIIP.2013.6707556

77-Lamiaa A. El-refaey, Mahmoud E. Allam, Hala A. Kader,Mazen Selim, “Robust blind adaptive-image watermarking”, Twenty Fifth National Radio Science Conference NRSC, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt, March 18 - 20, 2008, DOI: 10.1109/NRSC.2008.4542331

78-Lamiaa A. El-refaey, Mahmoud E. Allam, Hala A. Kader, “Robust blind DCT-Domain Watermarking using Scalar Costa scheme”, Engineering research Journal- shoubra FOE, no. 8, p. 28-39, January 2008.

79-Raafat A. ELkammar, Hala H. Zayd, Lamiaa AbdAllah “An OFF-Line Handwritten Cursive Arabic Recognation System”, published in the 11th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications ICAIA, Cairo International conference Center, Cairo, EGYPT, Feb. 5-8, 2003.

80-Raafat A. ELkammar, Hala H. Zayd, L. A. El-Refaee “A Novel Approach for Recognition of handwritten Arabic words”, Ain Shams Univ., Faculty of Engineering Scientific Bulletin, vol. 38, no. 4, p. 621-641, December 31, 2003.

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