Effect of Flock Age, Air Pressure and Litter Types on Carcass Traits and Meat Quality of Broiler Chicks [2021-07-07]
The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of flock age (younger breeder flock 33 WKS and older breeder flock 43 WKS), air pressure during incubation period (low, 100719 (LAP) and high, 101000 (HAP) Pascal) and the type of litter on carcass characteristics and meat quality of broiler chicks. A total number of 600 one day old chicks (Ross 308) hatched from eggs of two flocks in different age (each of 300 chicks)were randomly chosen divided into two sub experimental groups according the air pressure of incubation conditions (each of 150 chicks), each sub-group divided into three sub-sub experimental groups were raised on floor house provided with litters of wood shaving, plastic and sand, respectively. This study was design as 2×2×3 factorial arrangement experiment. The results obtained showed that, broiler chicks produced from older breeder flock recorded the higher significant (p>0.05) absolute and relative weights of eviscerated carcass, giblets, total edible parts, protein, ash percentages, odor, color, elasticity and overall score of meat quality compared with younger ones. However broiler chicks produced from eggs incubated at HAP shoed the higher absolute and relative weights of eviscerated carcass, giblets, total edible parts, percentages of protein, fat pH, TVN, TPA and odor of meat. Broilers chicks raised on plastic (PL) litter type showed the higher values of absolute and relative weights of eviscerated carcass total edible parts, percentages of protein and ash, meat sensory evaluation and recorded the lowest microbial count of APC bacteria in meat and cecal . According to the interaction between the studied factors, it could be concluded that the broiler chicks hatched from eggs of the flock at age of 43 WK, incubated at HAP and raised on plastic litter type (43 WKS × HAP ×PL) seemed to be adequate to achieve the favorable results. |
Productive performance of Benha local strain hens as influenced by housing system and dietary Biotin supplementation [2017-11-15]
Productive performance of Benha local strain hens as influenced by housing system and dietary Biotin supplementation
By
Hamada Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Gawad Okasha
B.Sc. Agric.Sci. (Animal Production), Fac. of Agric., Benha Univ, 2013
Thesis
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree
Of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
Poultry Production (Management)
Department of Animal Production,
Faculty of Agriculture,
Benha University
Egypt
2017
5-SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
The present study was carried out at the Poultry Research Farm, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University. Experimental work lasted from November 2015 to May 2016.
It was aimed to evaluate the effect of housing system and different dietary biotin levels on productive and metabolic performance of Benha line chicken.
A total number of one – day old chicks of 600 Benha line chicks used in this study, chicks were reared on a floor brooder housing using gas heated brooder to provide ideal brooding temperature. Wood straw was used as a litter and was changed three times throughout the brooding period. Birds were rearing under the same hygienic and managerial conditions.
A total number of 224( 200 hens and 24 cocks), Benha line chickens 20 weeks old and mean of body weight 1742 ± SE were equally divided into two groups. Pullets of the first group were housed in cages of laying battery; two birds were kept per cage of 48×40×40 cm (960cm2/bird). Pullets of the second group were kept in deep litter laying houses in a density of 900cm3/ bird (floor system). Chickens of each group were then subdivided into four sub groups each of 25 females and 3 males according to dietary biotin supplementation. Pullets of the 1st sub group were fed on basal layer diet (layer diet) and considered as control group, the 2nd, 3rd and 4th sub group were fed on basal diet supplemented with biotin at a levels of 100, 150 and 200µg/kg diet, respectively.
Body weight was recorded at sexual maturity, at the peak of egg production and at the end of the experiment period. Feed consumption and conversion, traits of egg production performance (age at sexual maturity, egg production, egg weight, egg mass), traits of egg quality (egg shape index, albumen index, yolk index, absolute and relative weights of egg component, shell thickness, haugh unit), fertility, hatchability, and embryonic mortality were estimated.
Serum calcium and inorganic phosphorus , plasma protein fractions (total protein, albumen and globulin) cholesterol, triglycerides, high- density lipoproteins, low density lipoproteins, enzymes of transaminases (AST and ALT), creatinine and uric acid, were estimated at sexual maturity, at the peak of egg production and at the end of experimental period.
Results obtained could be summarized as follows:
1- The higher body weight was found in birds reared in cages system and fed diet supplemented with biotin at a level of (200 µg/ kg diet).
2- Pullets of control group reared under deep floor litter laying houses had the highest average of feed consumed.
3- Applying biotin at a level of 150 µg /kg diet resulted in decreasing feed consumption as compared with control group and other levels of biotin.
4- Feed conversion improved by pullets housed in cages and diet supplemented with biotin at a level of 150 µg /kg diet.
5- Average age at sexual maturity decreases by 17.14 days for bird kept in battery cages than those reared in deep litter laying houses.
6- Average age at sexual maturity decreases by 6.99 days for birds fed diet supplemented with biotin at a level of 150 µg /kg diet when compared with control group.
7- Feeding birds diet supplemented with different levels of biotin decreased age at sexual maturity when compared with control group.
8- The highest averages of egg production, egg weight and egg mass were found in group of birds reared in cages.
9- Feeding bird's diet with 150 µg biotin /kg had the highest averages of egg production and egg mass.
10- Feeding bird's diet with 100 µg biotin /kg had the highest average of egg weight.
11- Birds housed in cages had the highest averages of egg shape index, albumen index and yolk index than those housed in deep floor litter.
12- Pullets fed diet supplemented with 150 µg biotin /kg had the highest averages of albumen index and yolk index.
13- The higher average of egg shape index was found in pullets fed diet supplemented with biotin at a level of 100 µg /kg.
14- Pullets housed in cages increased absolute and relative weights of egg shell, albumen and relative weghit of yolk than those housed in deep floor litter.
15- The higher averages of absolute and relative weights of albumen and relative weight of egg shell were found in pullets fed diet supplemented with biotin at a level of 100 µg /kg diet.
16- The highest averages of absolute weight of shell and yolk were found in pullets fed diet supplemented with biotin at a level of 150 and 200 µg /kg, respectively.
17- The highest averages of egg shell thickness and haugh unit were found in birds reared in deep litter laying houses than those produced from birds reared in cages.
18- Birds fed diet supplemented with biotin at a level of 150 and 200 µg /kg had the highest averages of egg shell thickness and haugh unit, respectively, compared with other levels applied and control group.
19- Birds hosed on deep floor litter had the highest average of fertility (82.70 %). However birds housed in battery cages had the highest average of hatchability (88.10 %).
20- Feeding pullets diet supplemented with biotin at a level of 150 µg /kg had the highest average of fertility (86.87 %) and hatchability (89.29 %), respectively when compared with different levels applied and control group.
21- Birds housed in battery cages had the lower average of embryonic mortality rate (11.00 %) when compared with those reared on deep litter (19.40%).
22- Feeding pullets diet supplemented with biotin at a level of 150 µg /kg had the lower average of embryonic mortality (10.79 %) when compared with other levels of biotin applied and control group.
23- The highest levels of serum calcium and inorganic phosphorus were found in pullets reared on deep floor litter compared with those reared in battery cages system.
24- Feeding pullets diet supplemented with biotin at a level of 150 and 100 µg /kg had the highest level of serum calcium (6.97) and inorganic phosphorus (3.79 mg/dl), respectively when compared with different levels applied and control group.
25- Birds hosed on deep floor litter had the highest plasma level of total protein. However birds housed in battery cages had the highest plasma levels of albumen and globulin.
26- Birds fed diet supplemented with biotin at a level of 100 µg /kg increased plasma level of albumen as compared with birds of other experimental groups.
27- The lowest levels of plasma cholesterol (118.46) and triglycerides (660.81 mg/dl) were found in birds housed in deep floor litter laying houses.
28- The lowest levels of plasma cholesterol (120.95mg/dl) and triglycerides (629.26mg/dl) were found in birds fed diet supplemented with biotin at a level of 200 and 150 µg /kg, respectively.
29- The lowest levels of plasma high- density lipoprotein (20.16) and low- density lipoprotein (66.26 mg/dl) were found in birds housed on deep floor litter laying houses than those of battery cages.
30- The lowest levels of plasma high- density lipoprotein (24.90) and low- density lipoprotein (65.19 mg/dl) were found in birds fed diet supplemented with biotin at a level of 100 and 150 µg /kg, respectively.
31- The lowest level of plasma AST transaminase (120.21 U/L) was estimated in birds housed in cages. However the lower level of plasma ALT transaminase (45.95 U/L) was estimated in birds housed on deep floor litter laying houses.
32- The lowest levels of plasma AST and ALT transaminase were estimated in birds fed diet supplemented with biotin at a level of 100 µg /kg.
33- The lower averages of blood plasma uric acid (6.38 mg/dl) and creatinine (1.13 mg/dl) were found in birds housed in battery cages.
34- The lower averages of blood plasma uric acid (5.87) and creatinine (1.11 mg/dl) were found in birds fed diet supplemented with biotin at a level of 200 µg /kg.
Conclusion
It could be concluded that biotin supplementation at a level of 150 and 100 µg/ kg in layer diet and reared in battery cages and on deep litter system, respectively seemed to be adequate to achieve the favorable results and its being recommended from the economic point of view.
Productive performance of Benha local strain hens as influenced by housing system and dietary Biotin supplementation
By
Hamada Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Gawad Okasha
B.Sc. Agric.Sci. (Animal Production), Fac. of Agric., Benha Univ, 2013
Thesis
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree
Of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
Poultry Production (Management)
Department of Animal Production,
Faculty of Agriculture,
Benha University
Egypt
2017
5-SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
The present study was carried out at the Poultry Research Farm, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University. Experimental work lasted from November 2015 to May 2016.
It was aimed to evaluate the effect of housing system and different dietary biotin levels on productive and metabolic performance of Benha line chicken.
A total number of one – day old chicks of 600 Benha line chicks used in this study, chicks were reared on a floor brooder housing using gas heated brooder to provide ideal brooding temperature. Wood straw was used as a litter and was changed three times throughout the brooding period. Birds were rearing under the same hygienic and managerial conditions.
A total number of 224( 200 hens and 24 cocks), Benha line chickens 20 weeks old and mean of body weight 1742 ± SE were equally divided into two groups. Pullets of the first group were housed in cages of laying battery; two birds were kept per cage of 48×40×40 cm (960cm2/bird). Pullets of the second group were kept in deep litter laying houses in a density of 900cm3/ bird (floor system). Chickens of each group were then subdivided into four sub groups each of 25 females and 3 males according to dietary biotin supplementation. Pullets of the 1st sub group were fed on basal layer diet (layer diet) and considered as control group, the 2nd, 3rd and 4th sub group were fed on basal diet supplemented with biotin at a levels of 100, 150 and 200µg/kg diet, respectively.
Body weight was recorded at sexual maturity, at the peak of egg production and at the end of the experiment period. Feed consumption and conversion, traits of egg production performance (age at sexual maturity, egg production, egg weight, egg mass), traits of egg quality (egg shape index, albumen index, yolk index, absolute and relative weights of egg component, shell thickness, haugh unit), fertility, hatchability, and embryonic mortality were estimated.
Serum calcium and inorganic phosphorus , plasma protein fractions (total protein, albumen and globulin) cholesterol, triglycerides, high- density lipoproteins, low density lipoproteins, enzymes of transaminases (AST and ALT), creatinine and uric acid, were estimated at sexual maturity, at the peak of egg production and at the end of experimental period.
Results obtained could be summarized as follows:
1- The higher body weight was found in birds reared in cages system and fed diet supplemented with biotin at a level of (200 µg/ kg diet).
2- Pullets of control group reared under deep floor litter laying houses had the highest average of feed consumed.
3- Applying biotin at a level of 150 µg /kg diet resulted in decreasing feed consumption as compared with control group and other levels of biotin.
4- Feed conversion improved by pullets housed in cages and diet supplemented with biotin at a level of 150 µg /kg diet.
5- Average age at sexual maturity decreases by 17.14 days for bird kept in battery cages than those reared in deep litter laying houses.
6- Average age at sexual maturity decreases by 6.99 days for birds fed diet supplemented with biotin at a level of 150 µg /kg diet when compared with control group.
7- Feeding birds diet supplemented with different levels of biotin decreased age at sexual maturity when compared with control group.
8- The highest averages of egg production, egg weight and egg mass were found in group of birds reared in cages.
9- Feeding bird's diet with 150 µg biotin /kg had the highest averages of egg production and egg mass.
10- Feeding bird's diet with 100 µg biotin /kg had the highest average of egg weight.
11- Birds housed in cages had the highest averages of egg shape index, albumen index and yolk index than those housed in deep floor litter.
12- Pullets fed diet supplemented with 150 µg biotin /kg had the highest averages of albumen index and yolk index.
13- The higher average of egg shape index was found in pullets fed diet supplemented with biotin at a level of 100 µg /kg.
14- Pullets housed in cages increased absolute and relative weights of egg shell, albumen and relative weghit of yolk than those housed in deep floor litter.
15- The higher averages of absolute and relative weights of albumen and relative weight of egg shell were found in pullets fed diet supplemented with biotin at a level of 100 µg /kg diet.
16- The highest averages of absolute weight of shell and yolk were found in pullets fed diet supplemented with biotin at a level of 150 and 200 µg /kg, respectively.
17- The highest averages of egg shell thickness and haugh unit were found in birds reared in deep litter laying houses than those produced from birds reared in cages.
18- Birds fed diet supplemented with biotin at a level of 150 and 200 µg /kg had the highest averages of egg shell thickness and haugh unit, respectively, compared with other levels applied and control group.
19- Birds hosed on deep floor litter had the highest average of fertility (82.70 %). However birds housed in battery cages had the highest average of hatchability (88.10 %).
20- Feeding pullets diet supplemented with biotin at a level of 150 µg /kg had the highest average of fertility (86.87 %) and hatchability (89.29 %), respectively when compared with different levels applied and control group.
21- Birds housed in battery cages had the lower average of embryonic mortality rate (11.00 %) when compared with those reared on deep litter (19.40%).
22- Feeding pullets diet supplemented with biotin at a level of 150 µg /kg had the lower average of embryonic mortality (10.79 %) when compared with other levels of biotin applied and control group.
23- The highest levels of serum calcium and inorganic phosphorus were found in pullets reared on deep floor litter compared with those reared in battery cages system.
24- Feeding pullets diet supplemented with biotin at a level of 150 and 100 µg /kg had the highest level of serum calcium (6.97) and inorganic phosphorus (3.79 mg/dl), respectively when compared with different levels applied and control group.
25- Birds hosed on deep floor litter had the highest plasma level of total protein. However birds housed in battery cages had the highest plasma levels of albumen and globulin.
26- Birds fed diet supplemented with biotin at a level of 100 µg /kg increased plasma level of albumen as compared with birds of other experimental groups.
27- The lowest levels of plasma cholesterol (118.46) and triglycerides (660.81 mg/dl) were found in birds housed in deep floor litter laying houses.
28- The lowest levels of plasma cholesterol (120.95mg/dl) and triglycerides (629.26mg/dl) were found in birds fed diet supplemented with biotin at a level of 200 and 150 µg /kg, respectively.
29- The lowest levels of plasma high- density lipoprotein (20.16) and low- density lipoprotein (66.26 mg/dl) were found in birds housed on deep floor litter laying houses than those of battery cages.
30- The lowest levels of plasma high- density lipoprotein (24.90) and low- density lipoprotein (65.19 mg/dl) were found in birds fed diet supplemented with biotin at a level of 100 and 150 µg /kg, respectively.
31- The lowest level of plasma AST transaminase (120.21 U/L) was estimated in birds housed in cages. However the lower level of plasma ALT transaminase (45.95 U/L) was estimated in birds housed on deep floor litter laying houses.
32- The lowest levels of plasma AST and ALT transaminase were estimated in birds fed diet supplemented with biotin at a level of 100 µg /kg.
33- The lower averages of blood plasma uric acid (6.38 mg/dl) and creatinine (1.13 mg/dl) were found in birds housed in battery cages.
34- The lower averages of blood plasma uric acid (5.87) and creatinine (1.11 mg/dl) were found in birds fed diet supplemented with biotin at a level of 200 µg /kg.
Conclusion
It could be concluded that biotin supplementation at a level of 150 and 100 µg/ kg in layer diet and reared in battery cages and on deep litter system, respectively seemed to be adequate to achieve the favorable results and its being recommended from the economic point of view.
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