Engineered nanoparticles (NP) are defined as materials produced within the nanoscale range of 1–100 nm in length or diameter that exhibit unique novel properties of the structural integrity as well as physical and chemical properties. Over the past few decades, nanomaterials have had a great impact and gained enormous attention in science, technology and business because of their potential for achieving specific processes and selectivity. Although the applications and benefits of these engineered nanomaterials are extensively and currently being widely used in modern technology and many commercial and medical sectors, there is still limited information concerning human health and environmental impacts. Several studies expected that nanoparticles could lead to unexpected health or environmental hazards because of their unique properties such as extremely high surface area and increased reactivity (Maneewattanapinyo et al., 2011).
Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) are among the most commercialized nanomaterial worldwide. Due to their strong antibacterial activity, Ag-NPs can be found in many consumer products including textiles, cosmetics, deodorants ,bandages, contraceptives, cleaning products, sprays as well as life sciences and biotechnology applications. Exposure to nanoparticles can occur via water, food, cosmetics, drugs, and drug delivery devices and can lead to a wide variety of toxicological effects . Nanometer-sized particles have shown special toxicity and are usually more toxic than the bulk material of larger size. With the increasing utilization of Ag-NPs, the general population has a greater risk of exposure through occupational environment and consumer products in daily life (Patlolla et al., 2015).
Additionally, the adverse effects of Ag-NPs on human health and the environment are of increasing concern. There is currently, insufficient knowledge about the toxicity of nanomaterial and a need for more in vivo studies (Tiwari et al., 2011).
It has been reported that AgNPs are translocated into blood circulation and accumulate in some organs, causing hepatotoxicity or renal toxicity when administered orally,inhaled, or admitted subcutaneously. However, nanoparticles could not only cause adverse effects on primary organs which are directly exposed, but also in secondary locations such as the cardiovascular or central nervous systems (CNS), upon systemic circulation.Particles on the nanoscale are capable of permeating the tight blood–brain barrier (BBB) by either carrier-mediated endocytosis or passive diffusion due to their small particle size (Yin et al., 2013).
Nanoparticle-induced oxidative stress is hypothesized to be the main mechanism regulating the biological effects of AgNPs ,previous study found that AgNP exposure could induce neurotoxicity in vitro through oxidative stress-induced apoptosis (Yin et al., 2015).
Vitamin B6 is a collective term comprising three cehcmically related compounds ;pyridoxine, pyridoxal and pyridoxamine .All three vitamins exist primarily as the 5 phosphates in tissues. However pyridoxine hydrochloride is the principal form of vitamin B6 used in nutritional supplements and for food fortification. Vitamin B6 is involved in several key biological processes, where it acts as a coenzyme for more than 100 enzymes participating in numerous reactions that are mostly related to protein metabolism. Food sources of vitamin B6 include meat, poultry, fish, eggs as well as fruits, vegetables and grains (El Bakary and Mousa, 2006).
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