Physiological Studies On Some Annual Plants:

Hanan Mohamed Ahmed Youssef

The present investigation was conducted .dunng two successiveseasons of 1994/95 and 1995/96 at the Experimental Station of the Facultyof Agriculture at Moshtohor, Zagazig University Benha Branch. TheExperimental designs were in complete randomized block system. Threemain experiments were conducted to study the effect of tartaric acid, aloeextract on seed germination, vegetative growth, tlowering and chemicalcomposition. of Delphinum ajacis, L. 2- Antirrhinum majus J- Calltstephuschinensis; .: Also, the study included the effects of Paclobutrazol,Ancymidol and pinching on the vegetative growth, flowering, root system and chemical composition in the leaves.The first experimentThis experiment was aimed to study the effect of Aloe extract at 25, 33.3,50 or 100 °/0 and Tartaric acid at 2 or 4 °/0011 the seed germination underthe Lath house (green house) or laboratry room temperatures ..The second expe.-imentIn this experiment, the study concerned the effects of aloe extract orTartaric acid at different concentrations on the vegetative growth,flowering and chemical compositionThe third experimentThis experiment concerned the study the effects two growth retardants(PP-333, A- Rest) applied as sprays at different concentrations 0, 25 and50 ppm andy a~pinching treatment on the bJfo~h, flowering, rootsystem and chemical compositions and pinching treatment.The most importanr results obtained were:The first experimental1-Delphinum ujacis, L.- Soaking seeds on aloe extract at 100, :’3.3 °/0 concentrations increasedgermination percentage comparing by control I and 2.- Soaking seeds on aloe extract at 100,33.3 % concentrations gave thehighest germination percentage as I00 °10 in petri dishes and clay pots.81_ Soaking seeds on Tartaric acid at 4 % concentrations gave the maximumgennination percentage as 100 % in petri dishes but decreased genllinationpercentage in clay pots._ Soaking seeds in aloe extract at 25, 50 % concentrations gave themaximum rate of gennination._ All treatments of aloe extract and Tartaric acid at 4 % concentrationsgave the maximum rate of germination in petri dishes and clay pots.2- Antirrhinum majus, L.-Soaking seeds on aloe extract at 50, 100 % concentrations gave thehighest gennination percentage in petri dishes and clay pots comparing bycontrol.Soaking seeds on Tartaric acid 2, 4 % decreased the percentage ofgermination in both seasons.-Soaking seeds on aloe extract and Tartaric acid had no iuflunced on therate of gellnination.3- Cauistepnus chlnensls, L.-Soaking seeds on aloe extract at 50, 100, 25 % concentrationssignificantly increased the gennination percentage as copmpared to theother treatment in petri dishes and clay pots.-Soaking seeds on Tartaric acid at 4 % gave the minimum genmnationpercentage in both seasons of petri dishes and clay pots._ Soaking seeds 011 aloe extract at 50, 100 °A, cOIH.:entratiollsgave fasteremerging compared with the other treatments. The second experimental1- Delphinum ajacls, L.A- 1- The vegetative growth characteristics of the seedlings from the soaked seeds.-Aloe extract at 50, 100, 25 o!~concentrations significantly increased thelength of plant comparing by control.-Tartaric acid at two concentration (2,4 °lll) gave the shortest plants.-All concentration of aloe extract significant increased the Humber ofbranches/plant especially at 50 or 100 0/0.-Tartaric acid at (2 or 4 0/0) and control plants gave the minimum numberof branches/plant.-Aloe extract at 100 or 50 ~/O increased the fresh and dry weights of kayes._Tartaric acid at 2 or 4 % produced the least fresh and dry weights ofleaves in both season.82-Aloe extract at 100, 50 % significant increased the leaf area whileTartaric acid at 2 % and control decreased the leaf area in two season.A-2- The flowering characteristics:--Aloe extract at 100 % gave maximum length of stalk comparing to otherconcentration. While Tartaric acid at 4 % gave the shortest length of spikestalk in both seasons.-Aloe extract at 100, 50 % significantly increased the number offlorets/spike comparing to other treatments. While Tartaric acid at :2 % or control plant reduced the number of florets/spike.-Aloe extract at 100 and 50 % significant increased the length ofinflorescences portion while Tartaric acid at 4 % significant reduced thelength of inf orescences portion/ stalk.-All concentrations of aloe extract significantly increased the fresh weightof florets/plant especially at 50 or 100 % concentrations. While Tartaricacid at 4 % significant decreased the fresh weight of florets/plant.A-3- Chemical compositions:--Aloe extract at 50 or 1000/0 significantly increased the total carbohydrate.While Tartaric acid at 2 or 4% significantly decreased the totalcarbohydrate content.-Aloe extract Cit 100% significant increased the N%, POlo and K%L WhileTartaric acid at (2 or 4%) reduced the N%, P% and K%. 2- Antirrhinum majus, L.B-I- The vegetative growth characteristics-Aloe extract at 50 and 100 % significantly increased plant height whileTartaric acid at (2 or 4 %) reduced plant height in both seasons.-Aloe extract at :13.3 % signituicanrly increased the number ofbranches/plant compared by control.-All treatments gave the same tend in this the fresh and dry weights ofleaves F. and dry weight were Bot affected by the treatments.-Aloe extract at 100 and 50 % significant increased the leaf area, while Tartaric acid at 4 ’Yo significantly reduced the leaf area.8-2- The flowering characteristics»-Aloe extract at 100 or 50~/~ significantly increased the length of stalk,while Tartaric acid at 2 or 40/0 suppressed the length of the stalk.-Aloe extract at 50 or 100% statistical significantly increased the length ofthe inflorescences portion/stalk.-The fresh weight of florets/plant was not influenced by the treatments.-3- Chemical compositions:--Aloe extract at 100 and 50 % significantly increased the totalcarbohydrate percent, while Tartaric acid at 2 or 4 % significant decreasedthe total carbohydrate percent.-Aloe extract at 100 or 50 % significantly increased the N% and P%percentage, while Tartaric acid at 2 or 4 % significantly reduced the N 0/0and P % percent.-Aloe extract at 100 % significantly increased the K%, while Tartaric acidat 4 % significantly decreased the K % percent.3- Callistephus cltinensis, L.C-I- The vegetative growth characteristics-Aloe extract at 100 and 50 %1 had statistically significant increases on the plant height, while Tartaric acid at 2 or 4 % significant reduced the plant height.-Aloe extract at 100 or 50 % significantly increased the fresh and dry weights of leaves/plant.-Aloe extract at 100% significantly increased the leaf area, while Tartaricacid at 2 % decreased the leaf area.C-2- The flowering characteristics»-Aloe extract at 100 or 50 % significatly increased the number of flower head. Aloe extract at 100 % increased the length of the flower stem.-Aloe extract at 100 % and control plants gave the largest diameter of theflower head.-Aloe extract at 25 and 100 % Pf”Aduced the heavy fresh weight of thehead. While control plants and Tartilric acid at 2 or 4 % reduced the freshweight of the head fplant.C-3- Chemical compositions:--Aloe extract at I00 ~’O increased the total carbohydrate percent, whilecontrol plants gave least value comparing by Tartaric acid treatments.-Aloe extract at 50 or 100 % significant increased the Nand P % percent.While Tartaric acid reduced them-Aloe extract at 100 and 33.3 ~o significant increased the K %, in theleaves, while control plants gave the least K 0/0.The third part:-1- Delphinum ajacis, LA-I- The vegetative growth characteristics-A-Rest at 50 ppm and PP-333 at 25 ppm significantly reduced the plantheight comparing to the other treatments.Pp·333 at 25 ppm increased stem the diameter significantly comparedwith control in the first season.-A-Rest at 25 ppm increased the number of branches plant compared withcontrol.P-333 and A-Rest reduced the fresh and dry weights of leavessignificantly compared with pinching or control.A-2- The flowering characteristics.-A-Rest and PP-333 at 50 ppm increased the number of stalk/plant in thetwo seasons comparing with control.-Pinching PP-333 at 25 and A-Rest at 50 ppm reduced the length of stalkand the length of intlorescences/protation compared with control.-PP-333 and A-Rest increased the number of florets/spike especially, ARestat 50 ppm compared to control.-PP-333 at 25 ppm, A-Rest at 50 ppm and pinching reduced the fresh anddry weights of florets.A-3- Root characteristics:--PP-333 at 25, 50 ppm and pinching gave the maxunum length ofroot/plant.-PP-333 and A-Rest at 25 ppm decreased the fresh and dry weights ofroots, while A-Rest at 50 ppm a.id pinching increased the fresh and dryweights of roots.A-4-Chemical cempositiunsr--PP-333 and A-Rest reduced chlorophyll a, band caroteuoides contentcomparing to pinching, control.-PP-333 ana A-Rest increased total carbohydrate percentage and the NandP%.-PP-333, A-Rest and pinching increased the K % in both season especiallywith 25 ppm of PP-333 concentration.2- Antirrhinum majlls, L.8-1- The vegetative growth characteristics-PP-333 or A-Rest decreased the plant height in buth seasons, while PP-:Bl at 50 ppm gave the shortest plant.&5-All PP-333 or A-Rest treatments increased the diameter of the stemsignificantly especially at the 50 ppm concentration.-PP-333 at 50 ppm increased the number of branches A-Rest at 25 ppmgave the maximum number branches/plant followed by PP-333 at 50 ppmcomparing to control in the second season.-A-Rest at 25 or 50 ppm produced the least fresh and dry weights ofleaves/plant in both season.-PP-333 or A-Rest increased the leaf area especially at 50 ppmconcentration in the first season, while PP-333 at 25 or 50 ppmsignificantly increased the leaf area in the second season comparing tocontrol.8-2- The flowering characteristics»-PP-333 or A-Rest significantly increased the number of stalk/plantcompared in both seasons. PP-333 at 25 ppm was the best concentrationfor flowering.-PP-333 at 50 ppm, A-Rest at 50 ppm reduced the length of stalk/plant andthe length of inflorescens portion.-PP-333 at 50 ppm increased number of florets/spike significantly by27.34, 25.81 compared to 17.67,20.09 respectively tor control in bothseasons.-PP-333 at 25 ppm and A-Rest at 50, 25 ppm increased the number offlorets/spike comparing control.-PP-333, A-Rest and pinching significantly increased the tresh weight offlower compared to the control, PP-333 had more cfgfect compared to ARestor pinching.-A-Rest at 50 ppm gave the heaviest dry matter of tlorets/plant in the firstseason. while PP-333 at 50 ppm gave the maxunum dry weight offlorets/plant as compared to control.B-3- Root characteristics:--Pinchiug treatments increased the length of roots as compared controlplants. PP-333 at 50 ppm or A-Rest at 25 ppm gave the next value in thisconcem.-PP-333 at ””25 or 50 ppm” and A-Rest at 25 ppm reduced fresh and dryweights of roots compared to control in both seasons. The pinchingtreatment gave the least fresh and dry weights of roots/plant in bothseasons.8-4- Chemical cumpesitiens.--PP-333 at 25 ppm was increased chlorophyll a and b couteut followed byPP<~33 at 50 ppm in both seasons.-A-Rest at 50 ppm increased the carotenoids content, PP-333 at 25 ppmgave the next value in this coucern.-All treatments did not influence the total carbohydrate percentage in bothseasons.-PP-333 at ~o ppm was increased N% while A-Rest at 15 ppm raised theN% in the second season compared to control.-All treatments increased the KO/o as compared to control, especially withPP-333 at 50 ppm which gave the highest value.3~Callistephus chinensis, L.C-I- The vegetative growth characteristics-All treatments decreased the plant higher compared to the control. Theshortest plants length resulted from PP-333 at 25 ppm, the decreasing inthe plant height was significant. In the first season A-Rest at 25 or 50 ppmincreased the stem diameter. The influence was significant in the firstseason and not significant in the second one.-PP-333 at 50 ppm gave the maximum number of branches/plant ascomparing to control plant.-PP-333, A-Rest and pinching treatment had reduction the effects on thefresh and dry weights of leaves/plant as compared to control in bothseasons.-PP-333 or A-Rest significantly increased the leaf area as compared topinching or control.C-2- The flowering characteristics:--PP-333 at 50, 15 ppm increased the number of stalks and heads ascompared to control.-The length of the stalk significantly decreased when the plants weretreated with PP-333 or A-Rest and pinching as compared to control.-A-Rest at 25 pppm or pinching treatment gave the big diameter of flowerheads, PP-333 at 50 ppm produced the small diameters of flower heads.-PP-333 at 50 ppm had increased the fresh and dry weights of tlowerheads/plant as compared to control, while PP-.:rn at 25 ppm or A-Rest at25 or 50 ppm and pinching treatments significantly decreased the fresh anddry weights.C-3- Root characteristics:--PP-333 or A-Rest and pinching treatments significantly decreased thelength of root in both seasons as compared to control.-PP-333 at 50 ppm gave the heaviest fresh and dry weights of foots in bothseasons, while A-Rest at 25 ppm gave the second value in this concern.The pinching treatments gave the least fresh and dry weights in bothseasons. The differences were statistically significant in both seasons.C-4- Chemical compositions:--PP-333, A-Rest and pinching treatmentrs increased the chlorophyll a, band carotenoides content as compared to control especially with the lowcioncentrations.-PP-333 at 50 ppm increased the total carbohydrate 0/0. A-Rest at 50 ppmreduced total carbohydrate.-In both seasons, PP-33J at 50 ppm increased N ~;., in the leavescomparing with other treatments.-All treatments had no effects on P %.-K % in the leaves increased by any application of PP-J33, A-Rest andpinching treatment. The high percent of K % was noticed with PP-333 at2} ppm.