In this study, the apparent soil resistivity evaluation is estimated for three-layer soils by four strategies and the obtained values are compared with experimental measurements done by using the four-electrode method. Different methods are suggested with the aid of IEEE 80 to estimate the apparent soil resistivity of three-layer soils, in which a grounding system consisting of a grid with rods is constructed. The effect of the reflection factor on the mesh and the step voltages, the grounding system resistance and the mesh voltage is investigated. It is concluded that the first three methods are close together, and also with the experimental findings done by the authors and others the fourth method gives some tolerance with the first three, but it is in agreement with the experimental measurements. It is concluded also that the reflection factors of non-uniform soil have significant effects on the apparent soil resistivity, the step …
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